Ferdinand of Woods and Whales ( FIX)

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2 Feb 2012 – Ferdinand of Wood and Whales / FIX University. Republic of Colombia (1886—present) Reign of Fernando Noveno. Liberal Party Conservative ... JCM @ tumblr | FIX University Campus Cultural
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7 Feb 2012 – Ferdinand of Wood and Whales / FIX University. Republic of Colombia (1886—present) Reign of Fernando Noveno. Liberal Party Conservative ...

Ferdinand of Wood and Whales / FIX University

biografiasyvidas.comVictor Hugo en 1827 340 × 303 - 13 k - jpg	es.wikipedia.orgRetrato de Victor Hugo realizado por Léon Bonnat (1879), conservado en el ... 200 × 251 - 9 k - jpg	poemas-del-alma.comVíctor Hugo Nació en Besançón, el 26 de febrero de 1802, pero su niñez ... 283 × 285 - 75 k - gif	recuerdosdepandora.comI: Victor Hugo. Durante cuatro días la nación francesa contuvo su aliento, ... 396 × 450 - 14 k - jpg
reflexionesinstantanea..."Te deseo' de Victor Hugo. 551 × 615 - 14 k - jpg	disfrutalogratis.comfrases celebres victor hugo, frases victor hugo, frases de victor hugo, ... 245 × 350 - 14 k - jpg	estanislao1975.blogspo...Víctor Hugo, una vida de novela 350 × 400 - 26 k - jpg	epdlp.com: : : : : Victor Hugo : : : : : 249 × 320 - 27 k - jpg
en.wikipedia.orgFile:Victor Hugo.jpg. No higher resolution available. 403 × 533 - 39 k - jpg	jota-cuentagotas.blogs...Víctor Hugo 430 × 512 - 30 k - jpg	artehistoria.jcyl.esVíctor Hugo Autor: Fecha: Características: 300 × 400 - 17 k - jpg	nndb.comVictor Hugo AKA Victor Marie Hugo 200 × 333 - 15 k - jpg
clubdepensadoresuniver...Victor Hugo, nacido en 1802, es uno de los más grandes escritores románticos ... 300 × 472 - 31 k - jpg	enciclopedia.us.esVictor Hugo. 180 × 259 - 9 k - jpg	felatraccs.orgLa idea viene de Víctor Hugo, el poeta “más vigoroso y popular de Francia”, ... 250 × 170 - 4 k - jpg	findagrave.comVictor Hugo Added by: Robert Edwards 250 × 318 - 14 k - jpg
wwwvariosvarianenvolan...VICTOR HUGO 331 × 512 - 29 k - jpg	voyagesphotosmanu.comVictor Hugo ... 322 × 350 - 51 k - jpg	en.wikipedia.orgWoodburytype of Victor Hugo by Étienne Carjat, 1876 220 × 288 - 11 k - jpg	answers.comVictor Hugo (Click to see full-size image) 2139 × 2853 - 773 k - jpg

[1]biografiasyvidas.com Victor Hugoen 1827 340 × 303 - 13 k - jpg	[2]es.wikipedia.org Retrato de Victor Hugo realizado por Léon Bonnat (1879), conservado en el ...200 × 251 - 9 k - jpg	[3]poemas-del-alma.com Víctor Hugo Nació en Besançón, el 26 de febrero de 1802, pero su niñez ...283 × 285 - 75 k - gif	[4]recuerdosdepandora.com I: Victor Hugo. Durante cuatro días la nación francesa contuvo su aliento, ...396 × 450 - 14 k - jpg
[5]reflexionesinstantanea... "Te deseo' de Victor Hugo. 551 × 615 - 14 k - jpg	[6]disfrutalogratis.com frases celebres victor hugo, frases victor hugo, frases de victor hugo, ...245 × 350 - 14 k - jpg	[7]estanislao1975.blogspo... Víctor Hugo, una vida de novela 350 × 400 - 26 k - jpg	[8]epdlp.com : : : : Victor Hugo : : : : : 249 × 320 - 27 k - jpg
[9]en.wikipedia.org File:Victor Hugo.jpg. No higher resolution available. 403 × 533 - 39 k - jpg	[10]jota-cuentagotas.blogs... Víctor Hugo430 × 512 - 30 k - jpg	[11]artehistoria.jcyl.es Víctor HugoAutor: Fecha: Características: 300 × 400 - 17 k - jpg	[12]nndb.com Victor Hugo AKA Victor Marie Hugo200 × 333 - 15 k - jpg
[13]clubdepensadoresuniver... Victor Hugo, nacido en 1802, es uno de los más grandes escritores románticos ...300 × 472 - 31 k - jpg	[14]enciclopedia.us.es Victor Hugo. 180 × 259 - 9 k - jpg	[15]felatraccs.org La idea viene de Víctor Hugo, el poeta “más vigoroso y popular de Francia”, ...250 × 170 - 4 k - jpg	[16]findagrave.com Victor HugoAdded by: Robert Edwards 250 × 318 - 14 k - jpg
[17]wwwvariosvarianenvolan... VICTOR HUGO331 × 512 - 29 k - jpg	[18]voyagesphotosmanu.com Victor Hugo ...322 × 350 - 51 k - jpg	[19]en.wikipedia.org Woodburytype of Victor Hugoby Étienne Carjat, 1876 220 × 288 - 11 k - jpg	[20]answers.com Victor Hugo(Click to see full-size image) 2139 × 2853 - 773 k - jpg

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Republic of Columbia & The Holy Columbian Roman EmpireEdit

Ferdinand of Wood and Whales / FIX University

Republic of Colombia (1886—present) Reign of Fernando NovenoEdit

Liberal Party Conservative Party Colombia First/Social Party of National Unity Colombia First/Holy Columbian Roman Empire / VaticanMilitary Rule Republican Union Party [21] • Republic of Colombia • [22]PictureNameTook officeLeft officeForm of AscensionReason for stepping down[23][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Campo_SerranoJoséMaría Campo Serrano]August 4, 1886January 5, 1887Sanctioned the Colombian Constitution of 1886.End of term.[24][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliseo_Pay%C3%A1nEliseo Payán Hurtado]January 5, 1887June 4, 1887Vice President, in charge of the executivePresident takes office.[25][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_(politician)Rafael Núñez Moledo]June 4, 1887December 12, 1887Indirect elections.Resigns from office.[26][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliseo_Pay%C3%A1nEliseo Payán Hurtado]December 12, 1887February 8, 1888Vice President by special decree, in charge of the executive.President returns to office.[27][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_(politician)Rafael Núñez Moledo]February 8, 1888August 7, 1888Returns to power after being warned of insurrection against Payán.Leaves due to illness.[28][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Holgu%C3%ADn_MallarinoCarlos Holguín Mallarino]August 7, 1888August 7, 18921st Designate, in charge of the executive.Cedes power.[29][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Antonio_CaroMiguelAntonio Caro Tobar]August 7, 1892January 16, 1893Vice President, in charge of the executive.Temporarily steps down.[30][http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Basilio_Cuervo&action=edit&redlink=1AntonioBasilio Cuervo Urisarri]January 16, 1893January 17, 1893Minister of Government and War, in charge of the executive power.Term ends.[31][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Antonio_CaroMiguelAntonio Caro Tobar]January 17, 1893March 12, 1896Returns to power.Temporarily steps down from power.[32][http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo_Quintero_Calder%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1Guillermo Quintero Calderón]March 12, 1896March 17, 18961st Designate, in charge of the executive power.President returns to power.[33][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Antonio_CaroMiguelAntonio Caro Tobar]March 17, 1896August 7, 1898Returns to power.Term ends.[34][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Antonio_SanclementeManuelAntonio Sanclemente Sanclemente]August 7, 1898July 31, 1900Indirect Elections.Deposed by Military Coup.[35][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Marroqu%C3%ADnJoséManuel Marroquín Ricaurte]July 31, 1900August 7, 1904Vice President, takes power by coup.Cedes power.[36][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_ReyesRafael Reyes Prieto]August 7, 1904March 16, 1908Indirect elections.Leaves temporarily.[37][http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diego_Euclides_de_Angulo_Lemos&action=edit&redlink=1DiegoEuclides de Angulo Lemos]March 16, 1908April 16, 1908Interim caretaker.President returns to office.[38][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_ReyesRafael Reyes Prieto]April 16, 1908July 27, 1909Returns to office.Resigns office.[39][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Holgu%C3%ADnJorge Holguín Mallarino]July 27, 1909August 4, 19091st Designate, in charge of the executive.Replaced by Congress.[40][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Gonz%C3%A1lez_ValenciaRamón González Valencia]August 4, 1909August 7, 1910Elected by Congress to finish the remainder of Reyes’s term.Ends term.[41][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Eugenio_RestrepoCarlosEugenio Restrepo Restrepo]August 7, 1910August 7, 1914Elected by National Assembly.Term ends.[42][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vicente_ConchaJoséVicente Concha Ferreira]August 7, 1914August 10, 1918Elected by National Assembly.Term ends.[43][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Fidel_Su%C3%A1rezMarcoFidel Suárez]August 10, 1918November 11, 1921Direct elections.Resigns from office.[44][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Holgu%C3%ADnJorge Holguín Mallarino]November 11, 1921August 7, 19221st Designate, in charge of the executive.Term ends.[45][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Nel_OspinaPedroNel Ospina Vázquez]August 7, 1922August 7, 1926Direct elections.Term ends.[46][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Abad%C3%ADa_M%C3%A9ndezMiguel Abadía Méndez]August 7, 1926August 7, 1930Direct elections.Term ends.[47][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Olaya_HerreraEnrique Olaya Herrera]August 7, 1930August 7, 1934Direct elections.Term ends.[48][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_PumarejoAlfonso López Pumarejo]August 7, 1934August 7, 1938Direct elections.Term ends.[49][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_SantosEduardo Santos Montejo]August 7, 1938August 7, 1942Direct elections.Term ends.[50][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_PumarejoAlfonso López Pumarejo]August 7, 1942October 9, 1942Direct elections.Temporarily steps down to travel to Venezuela.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Lozano_y_Lozano&action=edit&redlink=1Carlos Lozano y Lozano]October 9, 1942October 19, 19421st Designate, in charge of the executive.President returns to power.[51][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_PumarejoAlfonso López Pumarejo]October 19, 1942June 10, 1944Direct elections.Leaves office due to wife’s illness.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_Echand%C3%ADaDarío Echandía Olaya]June 10, 1944June 12, 19441st Designate, in charge of the executive.President returns to office.[52][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_PumarejoAlfonso López Pumarejo]June 12, 1944August 7, 1945Returns to power.Resigns from office.[53][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Lleras_CamargoAlberto Lleras Camargo]August 7, 1945August 7, 19461st Designate, in charge of the executive power.Term ends.[54][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Ospina_P%C3%A9rezMariano Ospina Pérez]August 7, 1946August 7, 1950Direct elections.Term ends.[55][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureano_G%C3%B3mezLaureano Gómez Castro]August 7, 1950November 5, 1951Direct elections.Term ends.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Urdaneta_Arbel%C3%A1ezRoberto Urdaneta Arbeláez]November 5, 1951June 13, 1953Direct elections.Term ends.[56][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_PinillaGustavo Rojas Pinilla]June 13, 1953May 10, 1957Took power by Military Coup.Cedes power.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Noveno&action=edit&redlink=1FIX Ferdinand of woods and Whales]July 20th, 1956PresentEmperor King by JuntaPresent[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Par%C3%ADs_GordilloGabriel París Gordillo]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Navas_Pardo&action=edit&redlink=1Rafael Navas Pardo]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deogracias_Fonseca_Espinosa&action=edit&redlink=1Deogracias Fonseca Espinosa]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rub%C3%A9n_Piedrah%C3%ADta_Arango&action=edit&redlink=1Rubén Piedrahíta Arango]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Ernesto_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez_Castillo&action=edit&redlink=1LuisErnesto Ordóñez Castillo]May 10, 1957August 7, 1958Colombian Military Junta, in charge of the executive. París, Minister of Defence; Naval, Commander of the Army; Fonseca, Director of National Police. Ordóñez, Director of DAS.Cede power.[57][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Lleras_CamargoAlberto Lleras Camargo]August 7, 1958August 7, 1962Direct elections. Member of the National Front.Term ends.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Le%C3%B3n_ValenciaGuillermoLeón Valencia Muñóz]August 7, 1962August 6, 1963Direct elections. Member of the National Front.Temporarily steps down to travel to Venezuela.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Montalvo_Berbeo&action=edit&redlink=1JoséAntonio Montalvo Berbeo]August 6, 1963August 8, 19631st Designate, in charge of the executive power.President returns to power.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Le%C3%B3n_ValenciaGuillermoLeón Valencia Muñóz]August 8, 1963August 7, 1966Returns to power.Term ends.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Lleras_RestrepoCarlos Lleras Restrepo]August 7, 1966August 7, 1970Direct elections. Member of the National Front.Term ends.[58][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misael_Pastrana_BorreroMisael Pastrana Borrero]August 7, 1970July 21, 1973Direct elections. Member of the National Front.Temporarily steps down to travel to Venezuela.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Azuero_Manchola&action=edit&redlink=1Rafael Azuero Manchola]July 21, 1973July 24, 19731st Designate, in charge of the executive power.President returns to power.[59][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misael_Pastrana_BorreroMisael Pastrana Borrero]July 24, 1973August 7, 1974Returns to power.Term ends.[60][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_MichelsenAlfonso López Michelsen]August 7, 1974September 20, 1975Direct elections.Temporarily steps down from power.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indalecio_Li%C3%A9vano_AguirreIndalecio Liévano Aguirre]September 20, 1975September 24, 19751st Designate, in charge of the executive power.President returns to power.[61][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_MichelsenAlfonso López Michelsen]September 24, 1975August 7, 1978Returns to power.Term ends.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Turbay_AyalaJulioCésar Turbay Ayala]August 7, 1978February 3, 1981Direct elections.Temporarily steps down from power.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Mosquera_ChauxVíctor Mosquera Chaux]February 3, 1981February 11, 19811st Designate, in charge of the executive power.President returns to power.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Turbay_AyalaJulioCésar Turbay Ayala]February 11, 1981August 7, 1982Returns to power.Term ends.[62][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belisario_Betancur_CuartasBelisario Betancur Cuartas]August 7, 1982August 7, 1986Direct elections.Presidents Board.[63][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilio_Barco_VargasVirgilio Barco Vargas]August 7, 1986August 7, 1990Direct elections.Term ends.[64][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_GaviriaCésar Gaviria Trujillo]August 7, 1990August 7, 1994Direct elections.Presidents Board.[65][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_SamperErnesto Samper Pizano]August 7, 1994January 11, 1998Direct elections.Temporarily steps down to undergo medical treatment in Canada.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Lemos_SimmondsCarlos Lemos Simmonds]January 11, 1998January 21, 1998Vice President, in charge of the executive power.Presidents Board.[66][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_SamperErnesto Samper Pizano]January 21, 1998August 7, 1998Returns to power.Presidents Board.[67][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana_ArangoAndrés Pastrana Arango]August 7, 1998August 7, 2002Direct elections.Presidents Board.[68][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_UribeÁlvaro Uribe Vélez]August 7, 2002August 7, 2010Direct elections. first term 2002-2006 and Re-elected for a second term.Prime Minister of Andean Parliament (Director of Ex-Presidents Board).[69][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_SantosJuanManuel Santos Calderón]August 7, 2010IncumbentDirect elections. Elected in 2010.Incumbent==[edit]See also Vatican (1956—Present) Reign of Fernando Noveno== Liberal Party Conservative Party Colombia First/Social Party of National Unity Colombia First/Holy Columbian Roman Empire / VaticanMilitary Rule Republican Union Party [70] • Republic of Colombia • [71]PictureNameTook officeLeft officeForm of AscensionReason for stepping down[72][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Campo_SerranoJoséMaría Campo Serrano]August 4, 1886January 5, 1887Sanctioned the Colombian Constitution of 1886.End of term.[73][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliseo_Pay%C3%A1nEliseo Payán Hurtado]January 5, 1887June 4, 1887Vice President, in charge of the executivePresident takes office.[74][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_(politician)Rafael Núñez Moledo]June 4, 1887December 12, 1887Indirect elections.Resigns from office.[75][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliseo_Pay%C3%A1nEliseo Payán Hurtado]December 12, 1887February 8, 1888Vice President by special decree, in charge of the executive.President returns to office.[76][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_(politician)Rafael Núñez Moledo]February 8, 1888August 7, 1888Returns to power after being warned of insurrection against Payán.Leaves due to illness.[77][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Holgu%C3%ADn_MallarinoCarlos Holguín Mallarino]August 7, 1888August 7, 18921st Designate, in charge of the executive.Cedes power.[78][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Antonio_CaroMiguelAntonio Caro Tobar]August 7, 1892January 16, 1893Vice President, in charge of the executive.Temporarily steps down.[79][http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Basilio_Cuervo&action=edit&redlink=1AntonioBasilio Cuervo Urisarri]January 16, 1893January 17, 1893Minister of Government and War, in charge of the executive power.Term ends.[80][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Antonio_CaroMiguelAntonio Caro Tobar]January 17, 1893March 12, 1896Returns to power.Temporarily steps down from power.[81][http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo_Quintero_Calder%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1Guillermo Quintero Calderón]March 12, 1896March 17, 18961st Designate, in charge of the executive power.President returns to power.[82][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Antonio_CaroMiguelAntonio Caro Tobar]March 17, 1896August 7, 1898Returns to power.Term ends.[83][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Antonio_SanclementeManuelAntonio Sanclemente Sanclemente]August 7, 1898July 31, 1900Indirect Elections.Deposed by Military Coup.[84][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Marroqu%C3%ADnJoséManuel Marroquín Ricaurte]July 31, 1900August 7, 1904Vice President, takes power by coup.Cedes power.[85][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_ReyesRafael Reyes Prieto]August 7, 1904March 16, 1908Indirect elections.Leaves temporarily.[86][http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diego_Euclides_de_Angulo_Lemos&action=edit&redlink=1DiegoEuclides de Angulo Lemos]March 16, 1908April 16, 1908Interim caretaker.President returns to office.[87][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_ReyesRafael Reyes Prieto]April 16, 1908July 27, 1909Returns to office.Resigns office.[88][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Holgu%C3%ADnJorge Holguín Mallarino]July 27, 1909August 4, 19091st Designate, in charge of the executive.Replaced by Congress.[89][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Gonz%C3%A1lez_ValenciaRamón González Valencia]August 4, 1909August 7, 1910Elected by Congress to finish the remainder of Reyes’s term.Ends term.[90][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Eugenio_RestrepoCarlosEugenio Restrepo Restrepo]August 7, 1910August 7, 1914Elected by National Assembly.Term ends.[91][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vicente_ConchaJoséVicente Concha Ferreira]August 7, 1914August 10, 1918Elected by National Assembly.Term ends.[92][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Fidel_Su%C3%A1rezMarcoFidel Suárez]August 10, 1918November 11, 1921Direct elections.Resigns from office.[93][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Holgu%C3%ADnJorge Holguín Mallarino]November 11, 1921August 7, 19221st Designate, in charge of the executive.Term ends.[94][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Nel_OspinaPedroNel Ospina Vázquez]August 7, 1922August 7, 1926Direct elections.Term ends.[95][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Abad%C3%ADa_M%C3%A9ndezMiguel Abadía Méndez]August 7, 1926August 7, 1930Direct elections.Term ends.[96][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Olaya_HerreraEnrique Olaya Herrera]August 7, 1930August 7, 1934Direct elections.Term ends.[97][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_PumarejoAlfonso López Pumarejo]August 7, 1934August 7, 1938Direct elections.Term ends.[98][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_SantosEduardo Santos Montejo]August 7, 1938August 7, 1942Direct elections.Term ends.[99][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_PumarejoAlfonso López Pumarejo]August 7, 1942October 9, 1942Direct elections.Temporarily steps down to travel to Venezuela.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Lozano_y_Lozano&action=edit&redlink=1Carlos Lozano y Lozano]October 9, 1942October 19, 19421st Designate, in charge of the executive.President returns to power.[100][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_PumarejoAlfonso López Pumarejo]October 19, 1942June 10, 1944Direct elections.Leaves office due to wife’s illness.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_Echand%C3%ADaDarío Echandía Olaya]June 10, 1944June 12, 19441st Designate, in charge of the executive.President returns to office.[101][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_PumarejoAlfonso López Pumarejo]June 12, 1944August 7, 1945Returns to power.Resigns from office.[102][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Lleras_CamargoAlberto Lleras Camargo]August 7, 1945August 7, 19461st Designate, in charge of the executive power.Term ends.[103][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Ospina_P%C3%A9rezMariano Ospina Pérez]August 7, 1946August 7, 1950Direct elections.Term ends.[104][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureano_G%C3%B3mezLaureano Gómez Castro]August 7, 1950November 5, 1951Direct elections.Term ends.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Urdaneta_Arbel%C3%A1ezRoberto Urdaneta Arbeláez]November 5, 1951June 13, 1953Direct elections.Term ends.[105][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_PinillaGustavo Rojas Pinilla]June 13, 1953May 10, 1957Took power by Military Coup.Cedes power.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Noveno&action=edit&redlink=1FIX Ferdinand of woods and Whales]July 20th, 1956PresentEmperor King by JuntaPresent[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Par%C3%ADs_GordilloGabriel París Gordillo]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Navas_Pardo&action=edit&redlink=1Rafael Navas Pardo]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deogracias_Fonseca_Espinosa&action=edit&redlink=1Deogracias Fonseca Espinosa]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rub%C3%A9n_Piedrah%C3%ADta_Arango&action=edit&redlink=1Rubén Piedrahíta Arango]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Ernesto_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez_Castillo&action=edit&redlink=1LuisErnesto Ordóñez Castillo]May 10, 1957August 7, 1958Colombian Military Junta, in charge of the executive. París, Minister of Defence; Naval, Commander of the Army; Fonseca, Director of National Police. Ordóñez, Director of DAS.Cede power.[106][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Lleras_CamargoAlberto Lleras Camargo]August 7, 1958August 7, 1962Direct elections. Member of the National Front.Term ends.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Le%C3%B3n_ValenciaGuillermoLeón Valencia Muñóz]August 7, 1962August 6, 1963Direct elections. Member of the National Front.Temporarily steps down to travel to Venezuela.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Montalvo_Berbeo&action=edit&redlink=1JoséAntonio Montalvo Berbeo]August 6, 1963August 8, 19631st Designate, in charge of the executive power.President returns to power.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Le%C3%B3n_ValenciaGuillermoLeón Valencia Muñóz]August 8, 1963August 7, 1966Returns to power.Term ends.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Lleras_RestrepoCarlos Lleras Restrepo]August 7, 1966August 7, 1970Direct elections. Member of the National Front.Term ends.[107][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misael_Pastrana_BorreroMisael Pastrana Borrero]August 7, 1970July 21, 1973Direct elections. Member of the National Front.Temporarily steps down to travel to Venezuela.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Azuero_Manchola&action=edit&redlink=1Rafael Azuero Manchola]July 21, 1973July 24, 19731st Designate, in charge of the executive power.President returns to power.[108][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misael_Pastrana_BorreroMisael Pastrana Borrero]July 24, 1973August 7, 1974Returns to power.Term ends.[109][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_MichelsenAlfonso López Michelsen]August 7, 1974September 20, 1975Direct elections.Temporarily steps down from power.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indalecio_Li%C3%A9vano_AguirreIndalecio Liévano Aguirre]September 20, 1975September 24, 19751st Designate, in charge of the executive power.President returns to power.[110][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_MichelsenAlfonso López Michelsen]September 24, 1975August 7, 1978Returns to power.Term ends.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Turbay_AyalaJulioCésar Turbay Ayala]August 7, 1978February 3, 1981Direct elections.Temporarily steps down from power.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Mosquera_ChauxVíctor Mosquera Chaux]February 3, 1981February 11, 19811st Designate, in charge of the executive power.President returns to power.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Turbay_AyalaJulioCésar Turbay Ayala]February 11, 1981August 7, 1982Returns to power.Term ends.[111][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belisario_Betancur_CuartasBelisario Betancur Cuartas]August 7, 1982August 7, 1986Direct elections.Presidents Board.[112][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilio_Barco_VargasVirgilio Barco Vargas]August 7, 1986August 7, 1990Direct elections.Term ends.[113][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_GaviriaCésar Gaviria Trujillo]August 7, 1990August 7, 1994Direct elections.Presidents Board.[114][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_SamperErnesto Samper Pizano]August 7, 1994January 11, 1998Direct elections.Temporarily steps down to undergo medical treatment in Canada.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Lemos_SimmondsCarlos Lemos Simmonds]January 11, 1998January 21, 1998Vice President, in charge of the executive power.Presidents Board.[115][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_SamperErnesto Samper Pizano]January 21, 1998August 7, 1998Returns to power.Presidents Board.[116][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana_ArangoAndrés Pastrana Arango]August 7, 1998August 7, 2002Direct elections.Presidents Board.[117][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_UribeÁlvaro Uribe Vélez]August 7, 2002August 7, 2010Direct elections. first term 2002-2006 and Re-elected for a second term.Prime Minister of Andean Parliament (Director of Ex-Presidents Board).[118][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_SantosJuanManuel Santos Calderón]August 7, 2010IncumbentDirect elections. Elected in 2010.Incumbent==[edit]See also Vatican==

Maximilian I of MexicoEdit

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Maximilian I
[119]
Emperor Don Maximiliano I (Maximilian I) around age 33, c.1865
Emperor of Mexico
Reign	10 April 1864 – 19 Jun 1867^[1]
Predecessor	Second Federal Republic Agustín de Iturbide was previous monarch
Successor	Monarchy abolishedBenito Juárez as President of Mexico
Regent	See list[[\|[show]]]*José Mariano Salas Juan Nepomuceno Almonte Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos

Spouse	Charlotte of Belgium
Issue
Prince Augustine (adoptive)Prince Salvador (adoptive)
Full name
Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph
House	House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Father	Archduke Franz Karl of Austria
Mother	Princess Sophie of Bavaria
Born	(1832-07-06)6 July 1832Schönbrunn, Vienna, Austria
Died	19 June 1867(1867-06-19) (aged 34)Cerro de las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
Burial	Imperial Crypt, Vienna, Austria
Signature	[120]
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Maximilian I (Spanish: Maximiliano I; 6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867) was the only monarch of the Second Mexican Empire.
After a distinguished career in the Austrian Navy, he was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico on 10 April 1864, with the backing of Napoleon III of France and a group of Mexican monarchists who sought to revive the Mexican monarchy. Many foreign governments, including that of the United States, refused to recognize his administration. This helped to ensure the success of republican forces led by Benito Juárez, and Maximilian was captured and executed in 1867.
In Mexico, he and his consort are known as Maximiliano and Carlota.

[edit] Early lifeEdit

[edit] BirthEdit

Maximilian was born on 6 July 1832 in the Schönbrunn Palace, located in Vienna, capital of the Austrian Empire.^[2]^[3]^[4] He was baptized the following day and given the full name Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph. The first name honored his godfather and paternal uncle, the future Emperor Ferdinand I and the second honored his maternal grandfather, King Maximilian I of Bavaria.^[5]^[6]
His father was Archduke Franz Karl, the second surviving male child of the Holy Roman Emperor Franz II (after 1804, ruling the Austrian Empire as Franz I). Maximilian was thus a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, a female-line cadet branch of the House of Habsburg.^[7] His mother was Sophie, a Bavarian princess of the House of Wittelsbach.^[8] Intelligent, ambitious and strong-willed, Sophie had little in common with her husband, whom historian Richard O'Conner characterized as "an amiably dim fellow whose main interest in life was consuming bowls of dumplings drenched in gravy."^[9] Despite their different personalities, the marriage was fruitful, and after four miscarriages, four sons—including Maximilian—would reach adulthood.^[10]
Rumors at the court stated that Maximilian was in fact the product of an extramarital affair between his mother and his first cousin Napoleon II (then known as the Duke of Reichstadt), the son and heir of Napoleon Bonaparte, ruler of the French Empire, and his second wife, Archduchess Marie Louise (daughter of Franz II).^[11] The existence of an illicit affair between Sophie and Napoleon II, and any possibility that Maximilian was conceived from such a union, are widely dismissed by historians.^[A]

[edit] EducationEdit

Adhering to traditions inherited from the Spanish court during Habsburg rule, Maximilian's upbringing was supervised by an aja (governess) until his sixth birthday. Afterwards, his education was entrusted to a tutor.^[12] Most of Maximilian's day was spent in study. The thirty-two hours per week of classes at age 7 steadily grew until it reached fifty-five hours per week by the time he was 17.^[13] The disciplines were diverse: ranging from history, geography, law and technology, to languages, military studies, fencing and diplomacy.^[13] In addition to his native German, he eventually learned to speak Hungarian, Slavonic, English, French, Italian and Spanish.^[14] From an early age, Maximilian tried to surpass his older brother Franz Joseph (Francis Joseph) in everything; attempting to prove to all that he was the better qualified and deserving of more than second place status.^[15]
The highly restrictive environment of the Austrian court was not enough to repress Maximilian's natural openness. He was joyful, highly charismatic and able to captivate those around him with ease. Although he was a charming boy, he was also undisciplined.^[16] He mocked his teachers and was often the instigator of pranks—even including his imbecile uncle, Emperor Ferdinand I, among his victims.^[17] Nonetheless Maximilian was very popular. His attempts to outshine his older brother and ability to charm opened a rift with the aloof and self-contained Franz Joseph that would widen as years passed, and the times when both were close friends in childhood would be all but forgotten.^[15]
In 1848, revolutions erupted across Europe. In face of protests and riots, Emperor Ferdinand I abdicated in favor of Maximilian's brother, who became Franz Joseph I.^[18]^[19] Maximilian accompanied him on campaigns to put down rebellions throughout the Empire.^[20]^[19] Only in 1849 would the revolution be stamped out in Austria, with hundreds of rebels executed and thousands imprisoned. Maximilian was horrified at what he regarded as senseless brutality and openly complained about it. He would later remark: "We call our age the Age of Enlightenment, but there are cities in Europe where, in the future, men will look back in horror and amazement at the injustice of tribunals, which in a spirit of vengeance condemned to death those whose only crime lay in wanting something different to the arbitrary rule of governments which placed themselves above the law."^[21]^[22]

[edit] Career in the Austrian NavyEdit

[edit] TravelsEdit

[121]

This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2011)

[122][123]A beardless Maximilian at age 20, 1852Ferdinand Max was a particularly clever boy who displayed considerable culture in his taste for the arts, and he demonstrated an early interest in science, especially botany. When he entered military service, he was trained in the Austrian Navy. He threw himself into this career with so much zeal that he quickly rose to high command.
He was made a lieutenant in the navy at the age of eighteen. In 1854, he sailed as commander in the corvette Minerva, on an exploring expedition along the coast of Albania and Dalmatia. At the age of twenty-two, Archduke Ferdinand Max took office as Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian Navy in 1854. Like Archduke Friedrich (1821–1847) before him, Ferdinand Max had a keen private interest in the fleet, and with him the Austrian naval force gained an influential supporter from the ranks of the Imperial Family. This was crucial as sea power was never a priority of the Austrian foreign policy and the navy itself was relatively little known or supported by the public. It was only able to draw significant public attention and funds when it was actively supported by an imperial prince. As Commander-in-Chief, Ferdinand Max carried out many reforms to modernise the naval forces, and was instrumental in creating the naval port at Trieste and Pola, now Pula as well as the battle fleet with which admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff would later secure his victories. He also initiated a large-scale scientific expedition (1857–1859) during which the frigate SMS Novara became the first Austrian warship to circumnavigate the globe.

[edit] Viceroy of Lombardy-VenetiaEdit

In his political views, Archduke Ferdinand Max was very much influenced by the progressive ideas in vogue at the time. He had a reputation as a liberal, and this led, in February 1857, to his appointment as viceroy of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
On 27 July 1857, in Brussels (Belgium) Archduke Ferdinand Max married his second cousin, Princess Charlotte of Belgium (later known as Empress Carlota of Mexico), the daughter of Leopold I, King of the Belgians and Louise-Marie of France. She was first cousin to both Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Ferdinand Max and Charlotte had no children together.
They lived as the Austrian regents in Milan or Viceroys of Lombardy-Venetia from 1857 until 1859, when Emperor Franz Josef dismissed Ferdinand Max from this post. The emperor was angered by the liberal policies pursued by his brother in Italy. Shortly after his dismissal, Austria lost control of most of its Italian possessions. Ferdinand Max then retired to Trieste, near which he built the castle, Miramare.

[edit] Emperor of MexicoEdit

[edit] Offer of the Mexican crownEdit

See also: Imperial Crown of MexicoMaximilian receiving a Mexican delegation at Miramar Castle in Trieste, Italy.[124][125]Imperial MonogramIn 1859, Ferdinand Maximilian was first approached by Mexican monarchists — members of the Mexican aristocracy, led by local nobleman José Pablo Martínez del Río — with a proposal to become the Emperor of Mexico. In Paris, 20 October, 1861, Maximilian received a letter from Gutierrez de Estrada asking him to take the Mexican throne. He did not accept at first, but sought to satisfy his restless desire for adventure with a botanical expedition to the tropical forests of Brazil. However, after the French intervention in Mexico, under pressure from Napoleon III and after General Élie-Frédéric Forey's capture of Mexico City and the plebiscite which confirmed his proclamation of the empire, he consented to accept the crown in October 1863 (Ferdinand Maximilian was not told of the dubious nature of the plebiscite, which was held while French troops were occupying most of the territory). His decision involved the loss of all his nobility rights in Austria, though he was not informed of this until just before he left. Archduchess Charlotte was thereafter known as "Her Imperial Majesty Empress Carlota".

[edit] Reign in MexicoEdit

See also: Second Mexican EmpireIn April 1864, Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian conceded his duties as Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian Navy. He traveled from Trieste aboard the SMS Novara, escorted by the frigates SMS Bellona (Austrian) and Themis (French), and the Imperial yacht Phantasie led the warship procession from his palace at Miramare out to sea.^[23] They received a blessing from Blessed Pope Pius IX, and Queen Victoria ordered the Gibraltar garrison to fire a salute for Maximilian's passing ship.
The new emperor of Mexico landed at Veracruz on 21 May 1864 to wild enthusiasm from the crowds. He had the backing of Mexican conservatives and Napoleon III, but from the very outset he found himself involved in serious difficulties since the Liberal forces led by President Benito Juárezrefused to recognize his rule. There was continuous warfare between his French troops and the Republicans. [126][127]Portrait as Emperor of Mexico, Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1864The Imperial couple chose as their seat Mexico City. The Emperor and Empress set up their residence at Chapultepec Castle, located on the top of a hill formerly at the outskirts of Mexico City that had been a retreat of Aztec emperors. Maximilian ordered a wide avenue cut through the city from Chapultepec to the city center; originally named Paseo de la Emperatriz, it is today Mexico City's famous boulevard, Paseo de la Reforma. He also acquired a country retreat at Cuernavaca. The royal couple made plans to be crowned at the Catedral Metropolitana but, due to the constant instability of the regime, the coronation was never carried out. Maximilian was shocked by the living conditions of the poor in contrast to the magnificent haciendas of the upper class. Empress Carlota began holding parties for the wealthy Mexicans to raise money for poor houses. One of Maximilian's first acts as Emperor was to restrict working hours and abolish child labour. He cancelled all debts for peasants over 10 pesos, restored communal property and forbade all forms of corporal punishment. He also broke the monopoly of the Hacienda stores and decreed that henceforth peons could no longer be bought and sold for the price of their debt.
As Maximilian and Carlota had no children, they adopted Agustín de Iturbide y Green and his cousin Salvador de Iturbide y de Marzán, both grandsons of Agustín de Iturbide, who had briefly reigned as Emperor of Mexico in the 1820s. They gave young Agustín the title of "His Highness, the Prince of Iturbide" and intended to groom him as heir to the throne. However, he never intended to give the crown to the Iturbides because he considered that were not of royal blood.^[24] it was all a charade directed to his brother Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria, as he explained himself: either Karl gave him one of his sons as an heir, or he would give everything to the Iturbide children.^[24]
To the dismay of his conservative allies, Maximilian upheld several liberal policies proposed by the Juárez administration – such as land reforms, religious freedom, and extending the right to vote beyond the landholding class. At first, Maximilian offered Juárez an amnesty if he would swear allegiance to the crown, even offering the post as Prime Minister, which Juárez refused. Later, Maximilian ordered all captured followers of Juárez to be shot, in response to the Republican practice of executing anyone who was a supporter of the Empire. In the end, it proved to be a tactical mistake that only exacerbated opposition to his regime.
In 1865, the U.S. used increasing diplomatic pressure to persuade Napoleon III to end French support of Maximilian and to withdraw French troops from Mexico. Washington began supplying partisans of Juárez and his ally Porfirio Díaz by "losing" arms depots for them at El Paso del Norte at the Mexican border. The prospect of an US invasion to reinstate Juárez caused a large number of Maximilian's loyal adherents to abandon the cause and leave the capital.^[25]
Meanwhile, Maximilian invited ex-Confederates to move to Mexico in a series of settlements called the "Carlota Colony" and the New Virginia Colony with a dozen others being considered, a plan conceived by the internationally renowned U.S. Navy oceanographer and inventor Matthew Fontaine Maury. Maximilian also invited settlers from "any country" including Austria and the other German states.^[26]
Nevertheless, by 1866, the imminence of Maximilian's abdication seemed apparent to almost everyone outside Mexico. That year, Napoleon III withdrew his troops in the face of Mexican resistance and U.S. opposition under the Monroe Doctrine, as well as increasing his military contingent at home to face the ever growing Prussian military and Bismarck. Carlota travelled to Europe, seeking assistance for her husband's regime in Paris and Vienna and, finally, in Rome from Pope Pius IX. Her efforts failed, and she suffered a deep emotional collapse and never went back to Mexico. After her husband was executed by Republicans the following year, she spent the rest of her life in seclusion, never admitting her husband's death, first at Miramare Castle near Trieste, Italy, and then at Bouchout Castle in Meise, Belgium,^[27] where she died on 19 January 1927.^[28]

[edit] DownfallEdit

[128][129]Last moments of Emperor Maximilian I of México.Though urged to abandon Mexico by Napoleon III himself, whose troop withdrawal from Mexico was a great blow to the Mexican Imperial cause, Maximilian refused to desert his followers. Maximilian allowed his followers to determine whether or not he abdicated. Faithful generals such as Miguel Miramon, Leonardo Márquez, and Tomás Mejía vowed to raise an army that would challenge the invading Republicans. Maximilian fought on with his army of 8,000 Mexican loyalists. Withdrawing, in February 1867, to Santiago de Querétaro, he sustained a siege for several weeks, but on May 11 resolved to attempt an escape through the enemy lines. This plan was sabotaged by Colonel Miguel López who was bribed by the Republicans to open a gate and lead a raiding party through with the agreement that Maximilian would be allowed to escape.
The city fell on 15 May 1867 and Maximilian was captured the next morning after the failure of an attempt to escape through Republican lines by a loyal hussar cavalry brigade led by Felix Salm-Salm. Following a court-martial, he was sentenced to death. Many of the crowned heads of Europe and other prominent figures (including the eminent liberals Victor Hugo and Giuseppe Garibaldi) sent telegrams and letters to Mexico pleading for the Emperor's life to be spared. Although he liked Maximilian on a personal level,^[29] Juárez refused to commute the sentence in view of the Mexicans who had been killed fighting against Maximilian's forces, and because he believed it was necessary to send a message that Mexico would not tolerate any government imposed by foreign powers. The sentence was carried out in the Cerro de las Campanas on the morning of 19 June 1867, when Maximilian, along with Generals Miramón and Mejía, were executed by a firing squad. He spoke only in Spanish and gave his executioners a portion of gold not to shoot him in the head so that his mother could see his face. His last words were, "I forgive everyone, and I ask everyone to forgive me. May my blood which is about to be shed, be for the good of the country. Viva Mexico, viva la independencia!".^[30] The two Mexican generals shot after him both died shouting, "Long live the Emperor."

[edit] BurialEdit

After his execution, Maximilian's body was embalmed and displayed in Mexico. Early the following year, the Austrian admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff was sent to Mexico aboard the SMS Novara to take the former emperor's body back to Austria. After arriving in Trieste, the coffin was taken to Vienna and buried in the Imperial Crypt on 18 January 1868.

[edit] LegacyEdit

Maximilian has been praised by some historians for his liberal reforms, his genuine desire to help the people of Mexico, his refusal to desert his loyal followers, and his personal bravery during the siege of Querétaro. However, other researchers consider him short-sighted in politics and military and was unwilling to restore democracy in Mexico even after the imminent collapse of the Second Mexican Empire. Maximilian is portrayed in the 1934 Mexican film Juárez y Maximiliano by Enrique Herrera and the 1939 American film Juarez by Brian Aherne. He also appeared in one scene in the 1954 American film Vera Cruz (film), played by George Macready.

[edit] Titles, styles, honours and armsEdit

Styles ofMaximilian I, Emperor of Mexico
[130]
Reference style	His Imperial Majesty
Spoken style	Your Imperial Majesty
Alternative style	Sire

[edit] Titles and stylesEdit

6 July 1832 – 10 April 1864: His Imperial and Royal Highness The Serene Prince and Lord Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph, Archduke and Imperial Prince of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, Prince of Lorraine, Count of Habsburg, etc.
10 April 1864 – 19 June 1867: His Imperial Majesty The Emperor

[edit] Full title as EmperorEdit

His Imperial Majesty Don Maximiliano I (Maximilian I), By the Grace of God and will of the people, Emperor of Mexico.

[edit] HonorsEdit

Emperor Maximilian I was Grand Master of the following Mexican Orders:

He was a recipient of the following foreign honors:

Grand Cross of the Brazilian Order of the Southern Cross.
Grand Cross of the Portuguese Order of the Tower and Sword.
Grand Cross (First Class) of the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle.
Grand Cross of the Hanoverian Royal Guelphic Order.
Grand Cross of the Dutch Order of the Netherlands Lion.
Grand Cross of the Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen.
Grand Cross of the French Légion d'honneur.
Grand Cross of the Sicilian Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit.
Grand Cordon (military) of the Belgian Order of Leopold.
Grand Cross of the Greek Order of the Redeemer.
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Joseph of Tuscany.
Grand Cross of the House Order of Henry the Lion of Brunswick.
Grand Cross of the Philip the Magnanimous of Hesse.
Grand Cross of the Order of Malta.
Knight of the Prussian Order of the Black Eagle.
Knight of the Sicilian Order of Saint Januarius.
Knight of the House Order of Fidelity of Baden.
Knight of the Bavarian Order of Saint Hubert.
Knight (with collar) of the Swedish Royal Order of the Seraphim.
Knight of the Austrian Order of the Golden Fleece.
Knight of the Saxon Order of the Rue Crown.
Knight of the Hanoverian Order of St. George.
Knight of the Russian Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.
Knight (First Class) of the Russian Order of Saint Stanislaus.
Knight of the Russian Order of the White Eagle.
Knight of the Russian Order of St. Andrew.
Knight (First Class) of the Russian Order of St. Anna.
Knight (with collar) of the Prussian Order of the Black Eagle.

[edit] GenealogyEdit

[edit] AncestryEdit

[show]Ancestors of Maximilian I of Mexico
border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="line-height: 110%; font-size: 90%;"


					16. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor(Francis III Stephen, Duke of Lorraine)



				8. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
				8. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor


					17. Maria Theresa of AustriaQueen of Hungary & Bohemia
					17. Maria Theresa of AustriaQueen of Hungary & Bohemia


			4. Francis II, Holy Roman EmperorFrancis I of Austria
			4. Francis II, Holy Roman EmperorFrancis I of Austria


					18. Charles III of Spain
					18. Charles III of Spain


				9. Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain
				9. Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain


					19. Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony
					19. Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony


		2. Archduke Franz Karl of Austria
		2. Archduke Franz Karl of Austria


					20. Charles III of Spain (=18)
					20. Charles III of Spain (=18)


				10. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
				10. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies


					21. Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony (=19)
					21. Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony (=19)


			5. Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
			5. Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily


					22. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (=16)(Francis III Stephen, Duke of Lorraine)



				11. Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
				11. Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria


					23. Maria Theresa of Austria (=17)Queen of Hungary & Bohemia



	1. Maximilian I of Mexico
	1. Maximilian I of Mexico


					24. Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken
					24. Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken


				12. Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken
				12. Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken


					25. Princess Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken
					25. Princess Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken


			6. Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
			6. Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria


					26. Joseph Charles, Count Palatine of Sulzbach
					26. Joseph Charles, Count Palatine of Sulzbach


				13. Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach
				13. Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach


					27. Countess Palatine Elizabeth Augusta Sophie of Neuburg
					27. Countess Palatine Elizabeth Augusta Sophie of Neuburg


		3. Princess Sophie of Bavaria
		3. Princess Sophie of Bavaria


					28. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden
					28. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden


				14. Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden
				14. Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden


					29. Landgravine Caroline Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt
					29. Landgravine Caroline Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt


			7. Princess Caroline of Baden
			7. Princess Caroline of Baden


					30. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
					30. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt


				15. Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt
				15. Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt


					31. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken
					31. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken

[edit] EndnotesEdit

^{^} "Such an easy assumption of an improbable sexual relationship", said Alan Palmer, "fails to understand the nature of the attachment binding" Sophie and Reichstadt, who saw themselves as alien misfits stranded in a foreign court.^[8] To Palmer, their "confidences were those of a brother and elder sister rather than of lovers."^[8] "There is no documentary evidence to suggest that she and the Duke of Reichstadt were ever lovers", according to Joan Haslip.^[31] "Whether the young Napoleon was actually the father of Maximilian could only be the subject of fascinating conjecture, something for courtiers and servants to gossip about on the long winter nights in the Hofburg [Palace]", said Richard O'Connor.^[32] "There is not a shred of evidence to support the rumors", affirmed Jasper Ridley.^[11] "It was said that Sophie confessed", continued Ridley, "in a letter to her father confessor, that Maximilian was the son of Napoleon, and that the letter was found and destroyed in 1859, but there is no reason to believe this story ... would she have had a sexual relationship with a boy whom she regarded as a child and a younger brother?"^[33] The birth of two more sons after the death of Reichstadt in 1832 lessened even more the credibility of these claims.^[33]

[edit] FootnotesEdit

^ Derecho Mexicano, Jacinto Pallares, Mexico ISBN 1-162-47704-0
^ Haslip 1972, p. 6.
^ Hyde 1946, p. 4.
^ Corti 1929, p. 41.
^ Haslip 1972, pp. 6–7.
^ Hyde 1946, p. 5.
^ Palmer 1994, pp. 3, 5.
^ ^a ^b ^c Palmer 1994, p. 3.
^ O'Connor 1971, p. 29.
^ Haslip 1972, p. 7.
^ ^a ^b Ridley 2001, p. 44.
^ Hyde 1946, pp. 6–7.
^ ^a ^b Hyde 1946, p. 7.
^ Hall 1868, p. 17.
^ ^a ^b Haslip 1972, p. 17.
^ Haslip 1972, p. 11.
^ Haslip 1972, pp. 14–15.
^ Haslip 1972, p. 29.
^ ^a ^b Hyde 1946, p. 13.
^ Haslip 1972, p. 31.
^ Haslip 1972, p. 34.
^ Hyde 1946, p. 14.
^ Haslip, Joan, Imperial Adventurer – Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, London, 1971, ISBN 0-297-00363-1
^ ^a ^b José Manuel Villalpando, Alejandro Rosas (2011), Presidentes de México, Grupo Planeta Spain, pp. pages are not numbered, ISBN 9786070707582, http://books.google.es/books?id=H2TbqVzLhOYC&pg=PT326&dq=Agust%C3%ADn+de+Iturbide+y+Green&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sNS_T96rIpKXhQfii7mBCg&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=Agust%C3%ADn%20de%20Iturbide%20y%20Green&f=true
^ Paul H. Reuter, "United States-French Relations Regarding French Intervention in Mexico: From the Tripartite Treaty to Queretaro," Southern Quarterly (1965) 6#4 pp 469-489
^ Rolle, Andrew F., The Lost Cause: The Confederate Exodus to Mexico, University of Oklahoma Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0-8061-1961-8.
^ "Charlotte of Mexico's Misfortune", New York Times, March 6, 1885.
^ "Belgium Mourns for Dead Empress; Tragedy of Life of Charlotte, Wife of Maximilian, Is Recalled", New York Times, January 19, 1927.
^ Maximilian and Carlota by Gene Smith, ISBN 0-245-52418-5, ISBN 978-0-245-52418-9
^ Giving executer(s) a portion of gold/silver is well-established among European aristocracy since medieval time and not an act of desperation. In other accounts, Maximilian calmly said, "aim well", to the firing squad and met his death with dignity.
^ Haslip 1972, p. 4.
^ O'Connor 1971, p. 31.
^ ^a ^b Ridley 2001, p. 45.

[edit] ReferencesEdit

Corti, Egon Caesar Count (1929). Maximilian and Charlotte of Mexico. 1–2. New York and London: Alfred A. Knopf.
Hall, Frederick (1868). Invasion of Mexico by the French; and the reign of Maximilian I., with a sketch of the Empress Carlota. New York: James Miller.
Haslip, Joan (1972). The Crown of Mexico: Maximilian and His Empress Carlota. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-086572-7.
Hyde, H. Montgomery (1946). Mexican Empire: the history of Maximilian and Carlota of Mexico. London: Macmillan & Co..
Kératry, Émile (1868). The rise and fall of the Emperor Maximilian. A narrative of the Mexican Empire, 1861-7, with the imperial correspondence. London: Sampson Low, Son, and Marston.
O'Connor, Richard (1971). The Cactus Throne: the tragedy of Maximilian and Carlotta. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Palmer, Alan (1994). Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-665-1.
Ridley, Jasper (2001). Maximilian & Juarez. London: Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-84212-150-2.

[edit] External linksEdit

Media related to Maximilian I of Mexico at Wikimedia Commons

Regnal titles
Maximilian I of MexicoHouse of Habsburg-ItúrbideCadet branch of the House of HabsburgBorn: 6 July 1832 Died: 19 June 1867
VacantTitle last held byAgustín I	Emperor of Mexico10 April 1864 – 15 May 1867	Monarchy abolishedRestoration of Republic
Government offices
VacantTitle last held byFranz Joseph I	Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia1857–1859	Succeeded byFranz Joseph Iin Venetia
VacantTitle last held byFranz Joseph I	Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia1857–1859	Succeeded byVictor Emmanuel IIin Lombardy
Austro-Hungarian royalty
Preceded byFranz Karl	Heir-presumptive to the Austrian throne2 December 1848 – 21 August 1858	Succeeded byCrown Prince Rudolf
Political offices
Preceded byJuan Nepomuceno Almonte Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos José Mariano Salasas Regents	Mexican head of stateas Emperor of Mexico29 May 1864 – 15 May 1867	Succeeded byBenito Juárezas President of Mexico
Titles in pretence
VacantTitle last held byPrince Agustin Jerónimo	— TITULAR —Emperor of Mexico15 May 1867 – 19 Jun 1867	Succeeded byPrince Agustín

[show]vt e Pretenders to the Mexican throne since 1823

First Empire	*Emperor Agustín I (1823-1824) Prince Imperial Agustín (1824-1864)

Second Empire	*Emperor Maximilian I (1867) Prince Agustín (1867-1925) Princess Maria (1925-1949) Prince Maximilian (1949-present)

See also House of Habsburg-Itúrbide

[show]vt e Austrian archdukes

1st generation	Frederick VAlbert VI Sigismund

2nd generation	*Archduke Cristopher Maximilian I Archduke John Archduke Wolfgang

3rd generation	Philip I of CastileArchduke Francis

4th generation	Charles IFerdinand I

5th generation	Philip II of Spain Maximilian II Ferdinand II Archduke Ferdinand* Archduke John* Archduke John Archduke Ferdinand* Charles II

6th generation	Charles, Prince of Asturias Archduke Ferdinand Rudolf V Archduke Ernest Matthias Maximilian III Albert VII Archduke Wenzel Archduke Frederick Archduke Charles Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias* Archduke Ferdinand Archduke Carlos Lorenzo* Diego, Prince of Asturias* Philip III of Spain* Ferdinand III Archduke Charles Archduke Maximilian Ernest Leopold V Archduke Charles

7th generation	Archduke Charles Philip IV of Spain Archduke Philipp Archduke John-Charles Archduke Albert Archduke Charles* Ferdinand IV Archduke Ferdinand* Archduke Alfonso Mauricio Leopold Wilhelm Ferdinand Charles Sigismund Francis

8th generation	Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias Ferdinand IV of Hungary Archduke Francisco Fernando* Archduke Philip August Archduke Maximilian Thomas Leopold VI Archduke Charles Joseph Archduke Ferdinand Joseph Alois Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias* Archduke Ferdinand Thomas* Charles II of Spain*

9th generation	*Archduke Ferdinand Wenzel Archduke John Leopold Joseph I Archduke Leopold Joseph Charles III

10th generation	Archduke Leopold JosephArchduke Leopold John

11th generation	Joseph II* Archduke Charles Louis Leopold VII Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne

12th generation	Emperor Francis I* Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany Charles, Duke of Teschen Alexander Leopold, Palatine of Hungary Joseph, Palatine of Hungary Archduke Anton Victor Archduke John Archduke Rainier Joseph Archduke Louis Cardinal-Archduke Rudolf Archduke Josef Franz* Francis IV, Duke of Modena* Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph* Archduke Maximilian* Karl, Primate of Hungary*

13th generation	Emperor Ferdinand IFrancis Leopold, Grand Prince of Tuscany Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany Archduke Joseph Franz Archduke Franz Karl Archduke Johann Nepomuk Albert, Duke of Teschen Stephen, Palatine of Hungary Archduke Karl Ferdinand Francis V, Duke of Modena* Archduke Frederick Ferdinand Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor* Archduke Rudolf Archduke Leopold Ludwig Archduke Ernest Karl Archduke Alexander Archduke Sigismund Leopold Archduke Rainer Ferdinand Archduke Wilhelm Franz Archduke Heinrich Anton Archduke Maximilian Karl Archduke Joseph Karl

14th generation	Emperor Franz Joseph IMaximilian I of Mexico Archduke Charles Louis Archduke Ludwig Viktor Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany Archduke Karl Salvator Archduke Rainier Archduke Ludwig Salvator Archduke John Salvator** Archduke Karl Archduke Franz Joseph Friedrich, Duke of Teschen Archduke Charles Stephen Archduke Eugen Archduke Joseph August Archduke Ladislaus

15th generation	Crown Prince RudolfArchduke Franz Ferdinand* Archduke Otto Francis Archduke Ferdinand Karl Archduke Leopold Ferdinand Archduke Joseph Ferdinand Archduke Peter Ferdinand Archduke Heinrich Ferdinand Archduke Robert Ferdinand Archduke Leopold Salvator Archduke Franz Salvator Archduke Albrecht Salvator Archduke Rainier Salvator Archduke Ferdinand Salvator** Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen Archduke Karl Albrecht Archduke Leo Karl Archduke Wilhelm Archduke Joseph Francis Archduke Ladislaus Joseph Archduke Matthias

16th generation	Emperor Charles IArchduke Maximilian Eugen Archduke Gottfried Archduke Georg Archduke Rainier Archduke Leopold Maria Archduke Anton Archduke Franz Joseph Archduke Karl Pius Archduke Franz Karl Archduke Hubert Salvator Archduke Theodor Salvator Archduke Clemens Salvator** Archduke Joseph Arpád Archduke Itsván Archduke Géza Archduke Michael Koloman

17th generation	Crown Prince OttoArchduke Robert* Archduke Felix Archduke Carl Ludwig Archduke Rudolf Archduke Ferdinand Karl Archduke Heinrich Maria Archduke Leopold Franz Archduke Guntram Archduke Radbot Archduke Johann Archduke Georg Archduke Stephan Archduke Dominic Archduke Friederich Salvator Archduke Andreas Salvator Archduke Markus Archduke Johann Archduke Michael Archduke Franz Salvator Archduke Karl Salvator** Archduke Joseph Karl Archduke Andreas Agustinus Archduke Nicholas Franz Archduke Johann Jacob Archduke Edward Karl Archduke Paul Rudolf

18th generation	Archduke KarlArchduke Georg Archduke Lorenz* Archduke Gerhard* Archduke Martin* Archduke Karl Philipp Archduke Raimund Joseph Archduke Itsván Archduke Rudolf Archduke Carl Christian Archduke Karl Peter Archduke Simeon Archduke Johannes Archduke Maximilian Heinrich Archduke Philipp Joachim Archduke Ferdinand Karl Archduke Konrad Archduke Sigismund Archduke Georg Archduke Guntram Archduke Leopold Archduke Alexander Salvator Archduke Thaddäus Salvator Archduke Casimir Salvator Archduke Matthias Archduke Johannes Archduke Bernhard** Archduke Benedikt Archduke Joseph Albrecht Archduke Paul Leo Archduke Friedrich Cyprian Archduke Benedikt Alexander Archduke Nicolás Archduke Santiago Archduke Paul Benedikt

19th generation	Archduke Ferdinand ZvonimirArchduke Karl Konstantin Archduke Amedeo* Archduke Joachim* Archduke Bartholomaeus* Archduke Emmanuel* Archduke Luigi* Archduke Felix Carl Archduke Andreas Franz Archduke Paul Johannes Archduke Carl Christian Archduke Johannes Archduke Thomas Archduke Franz Ludwig Archduke Michael Archduke Joseph Archduke Imre Archduke Imre Archduke Christoph Archduke Alexander Archduke Lorenz Carl Archduke Wilhelm Archduke Johannes Archduke Ludwig Archduke Philipp Archduke Nicholas Archduke Constantin Archduke Jacob Maximilian Archduke Leopold Amedeo Archduke Maximilian Archduke Leopold Archduke Constantin Salvator Archduke Paul Salvator

* also an infante of Spain** also a prince of Tuscany also a prince of Modena

Persondata
Name	Maximilian I of Mexico
Alternative names
Short description	Emperor of Mexico, Austrian archduke
Date of birth	6 July 1832
Place of birth	Schönbrunn, Vienna, Austria
Date of death	19 June 1867
Place of death	Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro, Mexico

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Maximilian I of MexicoEdit

Maximilian I
[131]
Emperor Don Maximiliano I (Maximilian I) around age 33, c.1865
Emperor of Mexico
Reign	10 April 1864 – 19 Jun 1867^[1]
Predecessor	Second Federal Republic Agustín de Iturbide was previous monarch
Successor	Monarchy abolishedBenito Juárez as President of Mexico
Regent	See list[[\|[show]]]*José Mariano Salas Juan Nepomuceno Almonte Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos

Spouse	Charlotte of Belgium
Issue
Prince Augustine (adoptive)Prince Salvador (adoptive)
Full name
Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph
House	House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Father	Archduke Franz Karl of Austria
Mother	Princess Sophie of Bavaria
Born	(1832-07-06)6 July 1832Schönbrunn, Vienna, Austria
Died	19 June 1867(1867-06-19) (aged 34)Cerro de las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
Burial	Imperial Crypt, Vienna, Austria
Signature	[132]
Religion	Roman Catholicism

[edit] Early lifeEdit

[edit] BirthEdit

[edit] EducationEdit

[edit] Career in the Austrian NavyEdit

[edit] TravelsEdit

[133]

This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2011)

[134][135]A beardless Maximilian at age 20, 1852Ferdinand Max was a particularly clever boy who displayed considerable culture in his taste for the arts, and he demonstrated an early interest in science, especially botany. When he entered military service, he was trained in the Austrian Navy. He threw himself into this career with so much zeal that he quickly rose to high command.
He was made a lieutenant in the navy at the age of eighteen. In 1854, he sailed as commander in the corvette Minerva, on an exploring expedition along the coast of Albania and Dalmatia. At the age of twenty-two, Archduke Ferdinand Max took office as Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian Navy in 1854. Like Archduke Friedrich (1821–1847) before him, Ferdinand Max had a keen private interest in the fleet, and with him the Austrian naval force gained an influential supporter from the ranks of the Imperial Family. This was crucial as sea power was never a priority of the Austrian foreign policy and the navy itself was relatively little known or supported by the public. It was only able to draw significant public attention and funds when it was actively supported by an imperial prince. As Commander-in-Chief, Ferdinand Max carried out many reforms to modernise the naval forces, and was instrumental in creating the naval port at Trieste and Pola, now Pula as well as the battle fleet with which admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff would later secure his victories. He also initiated a large-scale scientific expedition (1857–1859) during which the frigate SMS Novara became the first Austrian warship to circumnavigate the globe.

[edit] Viceroy of Lombardy-VenetiaEdit

[edit] Emperor of MexicoEdit

[edit] Offer of the Mexican crownEdit

See also: Imperial Crown of Mexico [136][137]Maximilian receiving a Mexican delegation at Miramar Castle in Trieste, Italy.[138][139]Imperial MonogramIn 1859, Ferdinand Maximilian was first approached by Mexican monarchists — members of the Mexican aristocracy, led by local nobleman José Pablo Martínez del Río — with a proposal to become the Emperor of Mexico. In Paris, 20 October, 1861, Maximilian received a letter from Gutierrez de Estrada asking him to take the Mexican throne. He did not accept at first, but sought to satisfy his restless desire for adventure with a botanical expedition to the tropical forests of Brazil. However, after the French intervention in Mexico, under pressure from Napoleon III and after General Élie-Frédéric Forey's capture of Mexico City and the plebiscite which confirmed his proclamation of the empire, he consented to accept the crown in October 1863 (Ferdinand Maximilian was not told of the dubious nature of the plebiscite, which was held while French troops were occupying most of the territory). His decision involved the loss of all his nobility rights in Austria, though he was not informed of this until just before he left. Archduchess Charlotte was thereafter known as "Her Imperial Majesty Empress Carlota".

[edit] Reign in MexicoEdit

See also: Second Mexican EmpireIn April 1864, Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian conceded his duties as Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian Navy. He traveled from Trieste aboard the SMS Novara, escorted by the frigates SMS Bellona (Austrian) and Themis (French), and the Imperial yacht Phantasie led the warship procession from his palace at Miramare out to sea.^[23] They received a blessing from Blessed Pope Pius IX, and Queen Victoria ordered the Gibraltar garrison to fire a salute for Maximilian's passing ship.
The new emperor of Mexico landed at Veracruz on 21 May 1864 to wild enthusiasm from the crowds. He had the backing of Mexican conservatives and Napoleon III, but from the very outset he found himself involved in serious difficulties since the Liberal forces led by President Benito Juárezrefused to recognize his rule. There was continuous warfare between his French troops and the Republicans. [140][141]Portrait as Emperor of Mexico, Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1864The Imperial couple chose as their seat Mexico City. The Emperor and Empress set up their residence at Chapultepec Castle, located on the top of a hill formerly at the outskirts of Mexico City that had been a retreat of Aztec emperors. Maximilian ordered a wide avenue cut through the city from Chapultepec to the city center; originally named Paseo de la Emperatriz, it is today Mexico City's famous boulevard, Paseo de la Reforma. He also acquired a country retreat at Cuernavaca. The royal couple made plans to be crowned at the Catedral Metropolitana but, due to the constant instability of the regime, the coronation was never carried out. Maximilian was shocked by the living conditions of the poor in contrast to the magnificent haciendas of the upper class. Empress Carlota began holding parties for the wealthy Mexicans to raise money for poor houses. One of Maximilian's first acts as Emperor was to restrict working hours and abolish child labour. He cancelled all debts for peasants over 10 pesos, restored communal property and forbade all forms of corporal punishment. He also broke the monopoly of the Hacienda stores and decreed that henceforth peons could no longer be bought and sold for the price of their debt.
As Maximilian and Carlota had no children, they adopted Agustín de Iturbide y Green and his cousin Salvador de Iturbide y de Marzán, both grandsons of Agustín de Iturbide, who had briefly reigned as Emperor of Mexico in the 1820s. They gave young Agustín the title of "His Highness, the Prince of Iturbide" and intended to groom him as heir to the throne. However, he never intended to give the crown to the Iturbides because he considered that were not of royal blood.^[24] it was all a charade directed to his brother Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria, as he explained himself: either Karl gave him one of his sons as an heir, or he would give everything to the Iturbide children.^[24]
To the dismay of his conservative allies, Maximilian upheld several liberal policies proposed by the Juárez administration – such as land reforms, religious freedom, and extending the right to vote beyond the landholding class. At first, Maximilian offered Juárez an amnesty if he would swear allegiance to the crown, even offering the post as Prime Minister, which Juárez refused. Later, Maximilian ordered all captured followers of Juárez to be shot, in response to the Republican practice of executing anyone who was a supporter of the Empire. In the end, it proved to be a tactical mistake that only exacerbated opposition to his regime.
In 1865, the U.S. used increasing diplomatic pressure to persuade Napoleon III to end French support of Maximilian and to withdraw French troops from Mexico. Washington began supplying partisans of Juárez and his ally Porfirio Díaz by "losing" arms depots for them at El Paso del Norte at the Mexican border. The prospect of an US invasion to reinstate Juárez caused a large number of Maximilian's loyal adherents to abandon the cause and leave the capital.^[25]
Meanwhile, Maximilian invited ex-Confederates to move to Mexico in a series of settlements called the "Carlota Colony" and the New Virginia Colony with a dozen others being considered, a plan conceived by the internationally renowned U.S. Navy oceanographer and inventor Matthew Fontaine Maury. Maximilian also invited settlers from "any country" including Austria and the other German states.^[26]
Nevertheless, by 1866, the imminence of Maximilian's abdication seemed apparent to almost everyone outside Mexico. That year, Napoleon III withdrew his troops in the face of Mexican resistance and U.S. opposition under the Monroe Doctrine, as well as increasing his military contingent at home to face the ever growing Prussian military and Bismarck. Carlota travelled to Europe, seeking assistance for her husband's regime in Paris and Vienna and, finally, in Rome from Pope Pius IX. Her efforts failed, and she suffered a deep emotional collapse and never went back to Mexico. After her husband was executed by Republicans the following year, she spent the rest of her life in seclusion, never admitting her husband's death, first at Miramare Castle near Trieste, Italy, and then at Bouchout Castle in Meise, Belgium,^[27] where she died on 19 January 1927.^[28]

[edit] DownfallEdit

[142][143]Last moments of Emperor Maximilian I of México.Though urged to abandon Mexico by Napoleon III himself, whose troop withdrawal from Mexico was a great blow to the Mexican Imperial cause, Maximilian refused to desert his followers. Maximilian allowed his followers to determine whether or not he abdicated. Faithful generals such as Miguel Miramon, Leonardo Márquez, and Tomás Mejía vowed to raise an army that would challenge the invading Republicans. Maximilian fought on with his army of 8,000 Mexican loyalists. Withdrawing, in February 1867, to Santiago de Querétaro, he sustained a siege for several weeks, but on May 11 resolved to attempt an escape through the enemy lines. This plan was sabotaged by Colonel Miguel López who was bribed by the Republicans to open a gate and lead a raiding party through with the agreement that Maximilian would be allowed to escape.
The city fell on 15 May 1867 and Maximilian was captured the next morning after the failure of an attempt to escape through Republican lines by a loyal hussar cavalry brigade led by Felix Salm-Salm. Following a court-martial, he was sentenced to death. Many of the crowned heads of Europe and other prominent figures (including the eminent liberals Victor Hugo and Giuseppe Garibaldi) sent telegrams and letters to Mexico pleading for the Emperor's life to be spared. Although he liked Maximilian on a personal level,^[29] Juárez refused to commute the sentence in view of the Mexicans who had been killed fighting against Maximilian's forces, and because he believed it was necessary to send a message that Mexico would not tolerate any government imposed by foreign powers. The sentence was carried out in the Cerro de las Campanas on the morning of 19 June 1867, when Maximilian, along with Generals Miramón and Mejía, were executed by a firing squad. He spoke only in Spanish and gave his executioners a portion of gold not to shoot him in the head so that his mother could see his face. His last words were, "I forgive everyone, and I ask everyone to forgive me. May my blood which is about to be shed, be for the good of the country. Viva Mexico, viva la independencia!".^[30] The two Mexican generals shot after him both died shouting, "Long live the Emperor."

[edit] BurialEdit

[edit] LegacyEdit

[edit] Titles, styles, honours and armsEdit

Styles ofMaximilian I, Emperor of Mexico
[144]
Reference style	His Imperial Majesty
Spoken style	Your Imperial Majesty
Alternative style	Sire

[edit] Titles and stylesEdit

6 July 1832 – 10 April 1864: His Imperial and Royal Highness The Serene Prince and Lord Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph, Archduke and Imperial Prince of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, Prince of Lorraine, Count of Habsburg, etc.
10 April 1864 – 19 June 1867: His Imperial Majesty The Emperor

[edit] Full title as EmperorEdit

His Imperial Majesty Don Maximiliano I (Maximilian I), By the Grace of God and will of the people, Emperor of Mexico.

[edit] HonorsEdit

Emperor Maximilian I was Grand Master of the following Mexican Orders:

He was a recipient of the following foreign honors:

Grand Cross of the Brazilian Order of the Southern Cross.
Grand Cross of the Portuguese Order of the Tower and Sword.
Grand Cross (First Class) of the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle.
Grand Cross of the Hanoverian Royal Guelphic Order.
Grand Cross of the Dutch Order of the Netherlands Lion.
Grand Cross of the Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen.
Grand Cross of the French Légion d'honneur.
Grand Cross of the Sicilian Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit.
Grand Cordon (military) of the Belgian Order of Leopold.
Grand Cross of the Greek Order of the Redeemer.
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Joseph of Tuscany.
Grand Cross of the House Order of Henry the Lion of Brunswick.
Grand Cross of the Philip the Magnanimous of Hesse.
Grand Cross of the Order of Malta.
Knight of the Prussian Order of the Black Eagle.
Knight of the Sicilian Order of Saint Januarius.
Knight of the House Order of Fidelity of Baden.
Knight of the Bavarian Order of Saint Hubert.
Knight (with collar) of the Swedish Royal Order of the Seraphim.
Knight of the Austrian Order of the Golden Fleece.
Knight of the Saxon Order of the Rue Crown.
Knight of the Hanoverian Order of St. George.
Knight of the Russian Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.
Knight (First Class) of the Russian Order of Saint Stanislaus.
Knight of the Russian Order of the White Eagle.
Knight of the Russian Order of St. Andrew.
Knight (First Class) of the Russian Order of St. Anna.
Knight (with collar) of the Prussian Order of the Black Eagle.

[edit] GenealogyEdit

[edit] AncestryEdit

[show]Ancestors of Maximilian I of Mexico
border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="line-height: 110%; font-size: 90%;"


					16. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor(Francis III Stephen, Duke of Lorraine)



				8. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
				8. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor


					17. Maria Theresa of AustriaQueen of Hungary & Bohemia
					17. Maria Theresa of AustriaQueen of Hungary & Bohemia


			4. Francis II, Holy Roman EmperorFrancis I of Austria
			4. Francis II, Holy Roman EmperorFrancis I of Austria


					18. Charles III of Spain
					18. Charles III of Spain


				9. Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain
				9. Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain


					19. Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony
					19. Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony


		2. Archduke Franz Karl of Austria
		2. Archduke Franz Karl of Austria


					20. Charles III of Spain (=18)
					20. Charles III of Spain (=18)


				10. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
				10. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies


					21. Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony (=19)
					21. Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony (=19)


			5. Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
			5. Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily


					22. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (=16)(Francis III Stephen, Duke of Lorraine)



				11. Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria
				11. Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria


					23. Maria Theresa of Austria (=17)Queen of Hungary & Bohemia



	1. Maximilian I of Mexico
	1. Maximilian I of Mexico


					24. Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken
					24. Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken


				12. Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken
				12. Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken


					25. Princess Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken
					25. Princess Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken


			6. Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
			6. Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria


					26. Joseph Charles, Count Palatine of Sulzbach
					26. Joseph Charles, Count Palatine of Sulzbach


				13. Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach
				13. Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach


					27. Countess Palatine Elizabeth Augusta Sophie of Neuburg
					27. Countess Palatine Elizabeth Augusta Sophie of Neuburg


		3. Princess Sophie of Bavaria
		3. Princess Sophie of Bavaria


					28. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden
					28. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden


				14. Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden
				14. Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden


					29. Landgravine Caroline Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt
					29. Landgravine Caroline Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt


			7. Princess Caroline of Baden
			7. Princess Caroline of Baden


					30. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
					30. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt


				15. Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt
				15. Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt


					31. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken
					31. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken

[edit] EndnotesEdit

^{^} "Such an easy assumption of an improbable sexual relationship", said Alan Palmer, "fails to understand the nature of the attachment binding" Sophie and Reichstadt, who saw themselves as alien misfits stranded in a foreign court.^[8] To Palmer, their "confidences were those of a brother and elder sister rather than of lovers."^[8] "There is no documentary evidence to suggest that she and the Duke of Reichstadt were ever lovers", according to Joan Haslip.^[31] "Whether the young Napoleon was actually the father of Maximilian could only be the subject of fascinating conjecture, something for courtiers and servants to gossip about on the long winter nights in the Hofburg [Palace]", said Richard O'Connor.^[32] "There is not a shred of evidence to support the rumors", affirmed Jasper Ridley.^[11] "It was said that Sophie confessed", continued Ridley, "in a letter to her father confessor, that Maximilian was the son of Napoleon, and that the letter was found and destroyed in 1859, but there is no reason to believe this story ... would she have had a sexual relationship with a boy whom she regarded as a child and a younger brother?"^[33] The birth of two more sons after the death of Reichstadt in 1832 lessened even more the credibility of these claims.^[33]

[edit] FootnotesEdit

^ Derecho Mexicano, Jacinto Pallares, Mexico ISBN 1-162-47704-0
^ Haslip 1972, p. 6.
^ Hyde 1946, p. 4.
^ Corti 1929, p. 41.
^ Haslip 1972, pp. 6–7.
^ Hyde 1946, p. 5.
^ Palmer 1994, pp. 3, 5.
^ ^a ^b ^c Palmer 1994, p. 3.
^ O'Connor 1971, p. 29.
^ Haslip 1972, p. 7.
^ ^a ^b Ridley 2001, p. 44.
^ Hyde 1946, pp. 6–7.
^ ^a ^b Hyde 1946, p. 7.
^ Hall 1868, p. 17.
^ ^a ^b Haslip 1972, p. 17.
^ Haslip 1972, p. 11.
^ Haslip 1972, pp. 14–15.
^ Haslip 1972, p. 29.
^ ^a ^b Hyde 1946, p. 13.
^ Haslip 1972, p. 31.
^ Haslip 1972, p. 34.
^ Hyde 1946, p. 14.
^ Haslip, Joan, Imperial Adventurer – Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, London, 1971, ISBN 0-297-00363-1
^ ^a ^b José Manuel Villalpando, Alejandro Rosas (2011), Presidentes de México, Grupo Planeta Spain, pp. pages are not numbered, ISBN 9786070707582, http://books.google.es/books?id=H2TbqVzLhOYC&pg=PT326&dq=Agust%C3%ADn+de+Iturbide+y+Green&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sNS_T96rIpKXhQfii7mBCg&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=Agust%C3%ADn%20de%20Iturbide%20y%20Green&f=true
^ Paul H. Reuter, "United States-French Relations Regarding French Intervention in Mexico: From the Tripartite Treaty to Queretaro," Southern Quarterly (1965) 6#4 pp 469-489
^ Rolle, Andrew F., The Lost Cause: The Confederate Exodus to Mexico, University of Oklahoma Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0-8061-1961-8.
^ "Charlotte of Mexico's Misfortune", New York Times, March 6, 1885.
^ "Belgium Mourns for Dead Empress; Tragedy of Life of Charlotte, Wife of Maximilian, Is Recalled", New York Times, January 19, 1927.
^ Maximilian and Carlota by Gene Smith, ISBN 0-245-52418-5, ISBN 978-0-245-52418-9
^ Giving executer(s) a portion of gold/silver is well-established among European aristocracy since medieval time and not an act of desperation. In other accounts, Maximilian calmly said, "aim well", to the firing squad and met his death with dignity.
^ Haslip 1972, p. 4.
^ O'Connor 1971, p. 31.
^ ^a ^b Ridley 2001, p. 45.

[edit] ReferencesEdit

Corti, Egon Caesar Count (1929). Maximilian and Charlotte of Mexico. 1–2. New York and London: Alfred A. Knopf.
Hall, Frederick (1868). Invasion of Mexico by the French; and the reign of Maximilian I., with a sketch of the Empress Carlota. New York: James Miller.
Haslip, Joan (1972). The Crown of Mexico: Maximilian and His Empress Carlota. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-086572-7.
Hyde, H. Montgomery (1946). Mexican Empire: the history of Maximilian and Carlota of Mexico. London: Macmillan & Co..
Kératry, Émile (1868). The rise and fall of the Emperor Maximilian. A narrative of the Mexican Empire, 1861-7, with the imperial correspondence. London: Sampson Low, Son, and Marston.
O'Connor, Richard (1971). The Cactus Throne: the tragedy of Maximilian and Carlotta. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Palmer, Alan (1994). Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-665-1.
Ridley, Jasper (2001). Maximilian & Juarez. London: Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-84212-150-2.

[edit] External linksEdit

Media related to Maximilian I of Mexico at Wikimedia Commons

Regnal titles
Maximilian I of MexicoHouse of Habsburg-ItúrbideCadet branch of the House of HabsburgBorn: 6 July 1832 Died: 19 June 1867
VacantTitle last held byAgustín I	Emperor of Mexico10 April 1864 – 15 May 1867	Monarchy abolishedRestoration of Republic
Government offices
VacantTitle last held byFranz Joseph I	Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia1857–1859	Succeeded byFranz Joseph Iin Venetia
VacantTitle last held byFranz Joseph I	Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia1857–1859	Succeeded byVictor Emmanuel IIin Lombardy
Austro-Hungarian royalty
Preceded byFranz Karl	Heir-presumptive to the Austrian throne2 December 1848 – 21 August 1858	Succeeded byCrown Prince Rudolf
Political offices
Preceded byJuan Nepomuceno Almonte Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos José Mariano Salasas Regents	Mexican head of stateas Emperor of Mexico29 May 1864 – 15 May 1867	Succeeded byBenito Juárezas President of Mexico
Titles in pretence
VacantTitle last held byPrince Agustin Jerónimo	— TITULAR —Emperor of Mexico15 May 1867 – 19 Jun 1867	Succeeded byPrince Agustín

[show]vt*e Pretenders to the Mexican throne since 1823

First Empire	*Emperor Agustín I (1823-1824) Prince Imperial Agustín (1824-1864)

Second Empire	*Emperor Maximilian I (1867) Prince Agustín (1867-1925) Princess Maria (1925-1949) Prince Maximilian (1949-present)

See also House of Habsburg-Itúrbide

[show]vt*e Austrian archdukes

1st generation	Frederick VAlbert VI*Sigismund

2nd generation	*Archduke Cristopher Maximilian I Archduke John Archduke Wolfgang

3rd generation	Philip I of CastileArchduke Francis

4th generation	Charles IFerdinand I

5th generation	Philip II of Spain Maximilian II Ferdinand II Archduke Ferdinand* Archduke John* Archduke John Archduke Ferdinand* Charles II

6th generation	Charles, Prince of Asturias Archduke Ferdinand Rudolf V Archduke Ernest Matthias Maximilian III Albert VII Archduke Wenzel Archduke Frederick Archduke Charles Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias* Archduke Ferdinand Archduke Carlos Lorenzo* Diego, Prince of Asturias* Philip III of Spain* Ferdinand III Archduke Charles Archduke Maximilian Ernest Leopold V Archduke Charles

7th generation	Archduke Charles Philip IV of Spain Archduke Philipp Archduke John-Charles Archduke Albert Archduke Charles* Ferdinand IV Archduke Ferdinand* Archduke Alfonso Mauricio Leopold Wilhelm Ferdinand Charles Sigismund Francis

8th generation	Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias Ferdinand IV of Hungary Archduke Francisco Fernando* Archduke Philip August Archduke Maximilian Thomas Leopold VI Archduke Charles Joseph Archduke Ferdinand Joseph Alois Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias* Archduke Ferdinand Thomas* Charles II of Spain*

9th generation	*Archduke Ferdinand Wenzel Archduke John Leopold Joseph I Archduke Leopold Joseph Charles III

10th generation	Archduke Leopold JosephArchduke Leopold John

11th generation	Joseph II* Archduke Charles Louis Leopold VII Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne

12th generation	Emperor Francis I* Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany Charles, Duke of Teschen Alexander Leopold, Palatine of Hungary Joseph, Palatine of Hungary Archduke Anton Victor Archduke John Archduke Rainier Joseph Archduke Louis Cardinal-Archduke Rudolf Archduke Josef Franz* Francis IV, Duke of Modena* Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph* Archduke Maximilian* Karl, Primate of Hungary*

13th generation	Emperor Ferdinand IFrancis Leopold, Grand Prince of Tuscany Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany Archduke Joseph Franz Archduke Franz Karl Archduke Johann Nepomuk Albert, Duke of Teschen Stephen, Palatine of Hungary Archduke Karl Ferdinand Francis V, Duke of Modena* Archduke Frederick Ferdinand Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor* Archduke Rudolf Archduke Leopold Ludwig Archduke Ernest Karl Archduke Alexander Archduke Sigismund Leopold Archduke Rainer Ferdinand Archduke Wilhelm Franz Archduke Heinrich Anton Archduke Maximilian Karl Archduke Joseph Karl

14th generation	Emperor Franz Joseph IMaximilian I of Mexico Archduke Charles Louis Archduke Ludwig Viktor Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany Archduke Karl Salvator Archduke Rainier Archduke Ludwig Salvator Archduke John Salvator** Archduke Karl Archduke Franz Joseph Friedrich, Duke of Teschen Archduke Charles Stephen Archduke Eugen Archduke Joseph August Archduke Ladislaus

15th generation	Crown Prince RudolfArchduke Franz Ferdinand* Archduke Otto Francis Archduke Ferdinand Karl Archduke Leopold Ferdinand Archduke Joseph Ferdinand Archduke Peter Ferdinand Archduke Heinrich Ferdinand Archduke Robert Ferdinand Archduke Leopold Salvator Archduke Franz Salvator Archduke Albrecht Salvator Archduke Rainier Salvator Archduke Ferdinand Salvator** Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen Archduke Karl Albrecht Archduke Leo Karl Archduke Wilhelm Archduke Joseph Francis Archduke Ladislaus Joseph Archduke Matthias

16th generation	Emperor Charles IArchduke Maximilian EugenArchduke Gottfried* Archduke Georg Archduke Rainier Archduke Leopold Maria Archduke Anton Archduke Franz Joseph Archduke Karl Pius Archduke Franz Karl Archduke Hubert Salvator Archduke Theodor Salvator Archduke Clemens Salvator Archduke Joseph Arpád Archduke Itsván Archduke Géza Archduke Michael Koloman

17th generation	Crown Prince OttoArchduke Robert* Archduke Felix Archduke Carl Ludwig Archduke Rudolf Archduke Ferdinand Karl Archduke Heinrich Maria Archduke Leopold Franz Archduke Guntram Archduke Radbot Archduke Johann Archduke Georg Archduke Stephan Archduke Dominic Archduke Friederich Salvator Archduke Andreas Salvator Archduke Markus Archduke Johann Archduke Michael Archduke Franz Salvator Archduke Karl Salvator** Archduke Joseph Karl Archduke Andreas Agustinus Archduke Nicholas Franz Archduke Johann Jacob Archduke Edward Karl Archduke Paul Rudolf

18th generation	Archduke KarlArchduke GeorgArchduke Lorenz Archduke Gerhard* Archduke Martin* Archduke Karl Philipp Archduke Raimund Joseph Archduke Itsván Archduke Rudolf Archduke Carl Christian Archduke Karl Peter Archduke Simeon Archduke Johannes Archduke Maximilian Heinrich Archduke Philipp Joachim Archduke Ferdinand Karl Archduke Konrad Archduke Sigismund Archduke Georg Archduke Guntram Archduke Leopold Archduke Alexander Salvator Archduke Thaddäus Salvator Archduke Casimir Salvator Archduke Matthias Archduke Johannes Archduke Bernhard** Archduke Benedikt Archduke Joseph Albrecht Archduke Paul Leo Archduke Friedrich Cyprian Archduke Benedikt Alexander Archduke Nicolás Archduke Santiago Archduke Paul Benedikt

19th generation	Archduke Ferdinand ZvonimirArchduke Karl KonstantinArchduke Amedeo Archduke Joachim* Archduke Bartholomaeus* Archduke Emmanuel* Archduke Luigi* Archduke Felix Carl Archduke Andreas Franz Archduke Paul Johannes Archduke Carl Christian Archduke Johannes Archduke Thomas Archduke Franz Ludwig Archduke Michael Archduke Joseph Archduke Imre Archduke Imre Archduke Christoph Archduke Alexander Archduke Lorenz Carl Archduke Wilhelm Archduke Johannes Archduke Ludwig Archduke Philipp Archduke Nicholas Archduke Constantin Archduke Jacob Maximilian Archduke Leopold Amedeo Archduke Maximilian Archduke Leopold Archduke Constantin Salvator Archduke Paul Salvator

* also an infante of Spain** also a prince of Tuscany*** also a prince of Modena

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